http://hdl.handle.net/2268.2/64 Thu, 08 Oct 2026 23:02:53 GMT 2026-10-08T23:02:53Z http://hdl.handle.net/2268.2/25477 Title: Dans quelle mesure faut-il déroger aux règles d'évaluation du droit comptable belge afin de se conformer au principe de l'image fidèle, dans le but d'augmenter le résultat imposable d'une entreprise ? Abstract: Ce mémoire examine la possibilité pour l’administration fiscale d’imposer une dérogation aux règles d’évaluation comptables belges afin de respecter le principe de l’image fidèle, dans le but d’augmenter le résultat imposable. Il montre que cette fonction dérogatoire, prévue uniquement pour des cas exceptionnels, reste floue en droit belge et a dû être précisée par la jurisprudence. L’étude analyse notamment trois situations : (1) l’acquisition d’actifs à une valeur inférieure à leur valeur de marché, (2) l’achat d’immobilisations payables à long terme sans intérêts et (3) la comptabilisation différée d’une prime d’option. Ces trois situations ont fait l’objet de décisions de la CJUE. Celle-ci limite fortement la fonction dérogatoire de l’image fidèle. Ce travail conclut que cette fonction doit rester exceptionnelle, restrictive et utilisée en dernier recours. Il suggère également au législateur belge de faire usage de la faculté prévue par la directive comptable européenne de définir les cas exceptionnels dans lesquels une telle dérogation trouverait à s’appliquer, ce qui apporterait davantage de clarté. Sun, 14 Jun 2026 22:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268.2/25477 2026-06-14T22:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2268.2/25417 Title: Le rôle de l'auditeur externe face aux risques fiscaux liés aux prix de transfert des multinationales en Belgique : entre perception et réalité, une étude qualitative Abstract: This thesis examines the role of the external auditor in the management of transfer pricing tax risks within multinational companies operating in Belgium. Based on a qualitative methodology relying on semi-structured interviews conducted with external auditors, tax experts and representatives of the tax administration, the research explores both the perception and the practical reality of the auditor’s involvement in transfer pricing matters. The findings suggest that external auditors contribute indirectly to the supervision of tax risks by reinforcing documentary and financial discipline through risk identification, documentation review and the promotion of more prudent tax positions, although their intervention remains limited by the scope of the audit mission. The study highlights that transactions involving intangible assets and intra-group financing constitute particularly sensitive areas due to valuation difficulties, the absence of reliable comparables and the complexity of assessing economic substance. It also reveals a significant gap between the perception of the external auditor’s role among private-sector actors and that of the tax administration. While auditors and tax experts consider external audit as a useful mechanism supporting stronger transfer pricing documentation and greater prudence, tax authorities remain more critical regarding its practical impact on aggressive tax practices. Overall, the research suggests that external audit should be viewed less as an autonomous tax control mechanism than as an indirect mechanism of documentary and accounting discipline supporting the consistency of intra-group transactions. Sun, 14 Jun 2026 22:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268.2/25417 2026-06-14T22:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2268.2/25415 Title: Final work : Biodiversity finance Governance : a comparative analysis of France and Brazil's National Strategies Abstract: This dissertation examines the relationship between national governance architectures and biodiversity finance implementation under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF). Using a comparative qualitative case-study approach, the research analyzes France and Brazil as contrasting institutional models to explore how Environmental Policy Integration (EPI), institutional fragmentation, and state capacity shape the implementation of KMGBF Targets 18, 19, and 19a. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of Lafferty and Hovden (2002) and Biermann et al. (2009), the study investigates the role of green budgets, fiscal coordination, and biodiversity finance mechanisms in aligning international commitments with domestic policy action. The dissertation argues that effective biodiversity finance depends not only on resource availability, but also on institutional coherence, policy continuity, and the integration of environmental objectives into broader economic and fiscal governance structures Sun, 14 Jun 2026 22:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268.2/25415 2026-06-14T22:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2268.2/25413 Title: Final work : Do ESG factors predict credit rating downgrades ? Evidence from S&P-rated European public companies Abstract: This study examines the relationship between environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors and corporate credit rating downgrades, distinguishing between input‑based ESG scores and output‑based ESG metrics. Using a panel of publicly listed corporates in European developed markets rated by S&P Global, the analysis investigates whether ESG‑related variables provide incremental predictive information for downgrade risk beyond traditional financial, macroeconomic, and structural controls. The results show that output‑based indicators including CO₂ emissions, ESG controversies, and country‑level physical climate vulnerability, are consistently associated with higher downgrade likelihood, whereas commonly used input‑based ESG scores are not. Firms with missing CO₂ disclosures exhibit lower observed downgrade risk, consistent with disclosure‑driven selection effects. The study provides robust evidence that realized ESG outcomes contain relevant information for downgrade risk, with implications for credit risk assessment and IFRS 9 SICR frameworks. Sun, 14 Jun 2026 22:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268.2/25413 2026-06-14T22:00:00Z