L'acétonémie chez la vache laitière : le point sur les connaissances actuelles et comparaison avec ses homologues en médecine ovine et humaine

Abstract

Acetonemia is caused by an accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood which follows a phenomenon of lipomobilization. There are risk factors such as obesity in cows and humans. Conversely in sheep, the main cause of pregnancy toxemia is an energy deficit in females with multiple gestations. The diagnosis is obtained in the 3 species by measuring the blood concentrations of ketone bodies and non-esterified fatty acids, but also by measuring those of vitamin D, leptin, adiponectin, inflammatory proteins and liver enzymes in cows as well as cardiac biomarkers in the goat. We can also calculate the level of BHB or conjugated linoleic acid in cattle milk. In humans, we will measure serum glucose as well as blood PH. Concerning the treatments, we will find propylene glycol, intravenous injection of glucose and insulin, fluid therapy as well as the induction of parturition in the ewe. Complementary treatments are also described in ruminants such as butaphosphane-cyanocobalamin, monensin and molecules that inhibit adipose tissue lipolysis. Finally the consequences of this condition are a reduction in milk production and fertility of females, economic losses, but also the development of other diseases in postpartum cows, such as displacement of the abomasum, lameness, mastitis or even metritis. In humans, the associated pathologies will rather be linked to vascular complications induced by prolonged hyperglycemia.