Key Factors influencing EU CAP Eco-Schemes uptake in Wallonia

Abstract

The latest reform of the Common Agricultural Policy enhances subsidiarity by allowing Member States to develop tailored CAP Strategic Plans to address national needs while elevating the CAP's environmental and climate objectives through the introduction of the "Green Architecture." This framework is realised via three key instruments: enhanced conditionality, Eco-Schemes, and agri-environmental and climate measures. Eco-Schemes are designed to support farmers in adopting agricultural practices that benefit the climate, environment, and animal welfare, addressing both new and existing practices, with the objective of balancing environmental protection with income support. However, their adoption by farmers is voluntary, raising questions about the factors influencing their uptake.

This study investigates the determinants affecting the adoption of Eco-Schemes by Walloon farmers. It begins with an analysis of the mandatory nature of Eco-Schemes for Member States compared to their voluntary adoption by farmers, focusing on the balance between environmental ambitions and the incentives provided for adoption. Using a top-down approach, the study examines the EU Commission's proposed measures, positioning Wallonia within the broader EU context of Eco-Schemes. It then explores the specific design of Eco-Schemes in Wallonia and the factors influencing their adoption.

Findings highlight the characteristics of farmers who adopt Eco-Schemes, revealing that compliance is often limited to less productive lands or practices perceived as easy to implement, or is influenced by the windfall effect for those already engaged in similar practices. The study provides insights into the adoption of Eco-Schemes following their first year of implementation and incorporates perspectives from various stakeholders to explain the dynamics of adoption and the associated opportunities and challenges.