Exploring human Papillomavirus genomic diversity across geographic and epidemiological contexts

Abstract

This study analyzes the genetic diversity and the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) types, lineages, and sub-lineages in two distinct populations from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Belgium. Using whole-genome amplification (tiling PCR and MDA) and Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing, viral genomes were reconstructed for high-resolution comparisons. The study also explored potentially novel HPV lineages and sub-lineages and examined the molecular determinants of oncogenicity of high-risk HPVs through AlphaFold-predicted protein models. Furthermore, a bioinformatics tool was developed to rapidly track and classify HPV sequences, potentially facilitating rapid screening and monitoring of infections. Integrating genomic, structural, and epidemiological data provides key insights into HPV circulation and diversity, supporting targeted surveillance and public health interventions.