Au-delà du Nucléaire : Stratégies et Analyses pour une Chaine d'Approvisionnement Électrique Durable en Belgique

Abstract

This research analyzes the Belgian energy mix in the context of the gradual phase-out of nuclear power and the rise of renewable energy. The central research question is: “How could Belgium meet its electricity demand, considering on-the-ground realities, as well as the European and geopolitical context, in light of a potential reduction in nuclear production?” The sub-questions explored the feasibility of increasing reliance on renewables, their attractiveness for long-term investments, and the risks they may pose for society. The methodology adopted combines three approaches: a survey of more than 400 citizens to gather their perceptions, interviews with two professionals from the electricity sector, and a document-based analysis. This triangulation allowed for the confrontation of initial hypotheses with diversified qualitative data. The results highlight both the strengths and the limitations of renewable energy in the Belgian context. While renewables offer major opportunities for the energy transition, their large-scale integration faces technical, economic, and societal challenges. It is therefore not possible to claim that a massive increase in their share of the energy mix represents a direct and unique solution to meet demand. However, in the short and medium term, they provide a relevant complement to nuclear power, whose extension has already been decided by policymakers. Belgium’s energy future thus relies above all on changes in mindsets and consumption behaviors. Energy sobriety and more rational use of electricity appear as prerequisites for the stable integration of renewables. These remain an essential lever of the transition, but their deployment must be accompanied by a responsible management of nuclear power, particularly regarding waste, in order to ensure a credible energy policy aligned with European requirements.