Mémoire-projet

Abstract

This thesis examines how the Procure-to-Pay (P2P) process at FN Herstal can be optimized while simultaneously strengthening internal control mechanisms. Operating in the defence sector, the company faces strict regulatory requirements, complex supply chains and high expectations regarding compliance, traceability and financial accuracy. In this context, the P2P process plays a central role in ensuring operational continuity, cost control and legal conformity. The research combines a comprehensive literature review with an empirical qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders involved in the P2P cycle. The theoretical framework highlights three pillars: the definition and modelling of processes, the principles of process opmization, and the structure of internal control based on the COSO framework. Together, these elements provide a foundation for analysing the performance, risks and governance of the P2P process. The empirical findings show that the current P2P process is structurally sound and well-defined, but hindered by organisational, technical and human limitations. These include administrative complexity, heterogeneous practices, limited integration of IT tools, variable quality of purchase requests and a strong dependence on manual tasks. Despite these constraints, the process remains a key source of value creation through cost control, compliance assurance and interdepartmental coordination. The study identifies several levers for opmization: simplifying validation flows, clarifying roles and responsibilities, improving communication, strengthening training, and increasing automation, particularly in view of the future implementation of SAP and electronic invoicing. Internal control emerges as both a constraint and a performance driver. When aligned with COSO principles and properly integrated, it enhances data reliability, reduces errors and supports process efficiency. The thesis concludes that optimizing the P2P process requires a balanced approach combining operational improvements with a reinforced internal control environment. Future research could examine the long-term effects of SAP implementation, the evolution of internal control practices, or comparative analyses with other regulated industrial sectors.